Ciclo de Conferencias Magistrales. Tema: Desarrollo de Placenta

Updated: November 18, 2024

EmbrioTeam UNAM, Facmed


Summary

The human placenta is a vital organ in pregnancy, originating from the trophoblast and playing a crucial role in oxygen and nutrient exchange between the mother and embryo. Proper implantation is key to avoid complications like placenta previa. The placenta's functions include hormone production to support pregnancy, prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum, and induce insulin resistance for glucose supply to the fetus. It also synthesizes hormones like lactogen for maternal metabolism and growth, and plays a role in energy regulation through hormones like thyrotropin and corticotropin chorionic hormones. Additionally, the placenta promotes growth through paracrine signaling and regulates glucose metabolism during pregnancy.


Desarrollo y fisiología de la placenta

The human placenta is an organ that develops in women during gestation, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between the mother and the embryo. It originates from the trophoblast and implantation process.

Implantación y hallazgos importantes

Exploration of implantation, loss of zona pellucida, and identification of ectopic pregnancies. Discussion on the importance of proper implantation to prevent complications like placenta previa.

Funciones de la zona pellucida y desarrollo embrionario

Details the functions of the zona pellucida, blastocyst hatching, and the establishment of embryo-endometrial contact. Focus on integrins, cytokines, and the role of trophoblast differentiation.

Formación de la matriz celular y evitación del reconocimiento materno

Explains the formation of the cellular matrix, crucial for immune tolerance towards the embryo. Discussion on leukocytes' role, interleukin 2 secretion, and erosion of spiral arteries for trophoblastic lacunae formation.

Patología relacionada con la implantación

Discussion on placental pathologies like placenta accreta and abnormalities in the trophoblastic reaction. Explanation of different types of placental adherence and their implications.

Desarrollo de las vellosidades coriónicas

Describes the development of chorionic villi, including primary, secondary, and tertiary villi formation. Discusses the role of the mesenchyme and blood vessels in placental circulation.

Function of the Placenta and Hormones

Explains the function of the placenta in preventing the degeneration of the corpus luteum and stimulating the production of progesterone and estrogens during pregnancy.

Role of Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone

Discusses how chorionic gonadotropin hormone maintains the corpus luteum and stimulates progesterone production in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Placental Functions in Second and Third Trimesters

Describes the autonomous functions of the placenta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and its hormonal concentration peak in the eighth week.

Synthesis of Progesterone and Estrogens

Details the independent synthesis of progesterone and estrogens in the placenta and other fetal organs.

Other Hormones Produced by the Placenta

Explains the roles of additional hormones produced by the placenta, such as lactogen, in maternal metabolism and growth.

Insulin Resistance and Glucose Metabolism

Discusses how placental hormones induce insulin resistance to maintain glucose supply to the fetus and promote lipolysis in the mother.

Thyrotropin and Corticotropin Chorionic Hormones

Describes the functions of thyrotropin and corticotropin chorionic hormones in placental growth and energy regulation.

Placental Growth Hormones

Explains the role of placental growth hormones in promoting placental growth through paracrine signaling.

Function of Syncytiotrophoblast

Details the function of syncytiotrophoblast in regulating growth hormone secretion and glucose metabolism during pregnancy.


FAQ

Q: What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?

A: The placenta functions to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between the mother and the embryo, prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum, stimulate the production of progesterone and estrogens, and produce additional hormones such as lactogen for maternal metabolism and growth.

Q: How does the placenta prevent complications like placenta previa?

A: Proper implantation of the placenta is crucial to prevent complications like placenta previa. The placenta also plays a role in establishing embryo-endometrial contact and immune tolerance towards the embryo.

Q: What are the different types of placental pathologies discussed?

A: Placental pathologies like placenta accreta and abnormalities in the trophoblastic reaction are discussed in the file.

Q: What are the functions of chorionic gonadotropin hormone in pregnancy?

A: Chorionic gonadotropin hormone helps maintain the corpus luteum and stimulates progesterone production in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Q: How does the placenta induce insulin resistance during pregnancy?

A: Placental hormones induce insulin resistance to maintain glucose supply to the fetus and promote lipolysis in the mother.

Q: What is the role of syncytiotrophoblast in pregnancy?

A: Syncytiotrophoblast regulates growth hormone secretion and glucose metabolism during pregnancy.

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